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Kumashoshozela amaningi kanye nakubafundisi uma kukhulunywa ngezimfundiso ezifundisa ngokubheka ngeso elibukhali, basheshe bakhubule izimfundiso ezimayelana nombhali owaziwayo u Paolo Freire, umbhali wencwadi i-Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Ukubaluleka kwalothisha onohlonze kangaka kulesiskhathi esikuso kulethwa umhambi, umfundi, umbhali nosolwazi ophuma eNyuvesi yase California e Los Angels, u Prof. Peter McLaren. Usebhale izincwadi eziningana futhi nalapho ebhale iziqephu emabhukwini amaningi; eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ifaka i- Pedagogy (Hampton Press, 2005), Marxism Against Postmodernism in Educational Theory (kanye no-Dave Hill, Mike Cole, beno-Glenn Rikowski), Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the Pedagogy of Revolution (Rowman beno-Littlefield, 2000), Revolutionary Multiculturalism: Pedagogies of Dissent for the New Millennium, (Westview Press, 1997); Counternarratives, (beno Henry Giroux, Colin Lankshear and Mike Peters, Routledge, 1997), kanye nethi Critical Pedagogy and Predatory Culture, (Routledge, 1995). Futhi wabhala i- Life in Schools: An Introduction to Critical Pedagogy in the Foundations of Education (Allyn & Bacon), okumanje isesigabeni sesine sokuhlewa (2002).
U-Prof. McLaren uvakashele imicabango yenjulolwazi ngenkathi ekhuluma kwi Harold Wolpe Memorial Lecture ebihlelwe i- Centre for Civil Society at UKZN ngomhlaka 25 May 2006 lapho aqale ngomlando omfushane ngo Freire. Lapho ethi Freire wayematasatasa nokufundisa ukubhala kubasebenzi abalimayo kanye nabasebenzi basezimbonini, okuyilapho lapho olufike lwaziwa ngokuthi uthi uhlelo lokufundisa luka Freire. McLaren uyaqhubeka uxhumanisa u-Freire kanye noWolpe, okwakuyisishoshovu sezemfundo okunguye okhunjulwa galezizihlelo zokufundisa.
Ukwengeza, uthe lezizinjulalwazi ezimbili kwenzekile ukuthi zibe nezinto “ezifanayo” ezimpilweni zazo ezindaweni “ezahlukene”. Bobabili labosolwazi baboshwa futhi baya nesekundingisweni bengahambisani nokuhlukumyezwa kwamalungelo abantu emazweni abo.
Uphi wangeza wathi labothisha - Freire and Wolpe- babuya ekudingisweni ngo 1980 nango 1991 ngokulandelana kwabo bafike basungula izikhungo zokufundela.
McLaren uthe akaqondile ukufanisa labothisha kodwa ukhuluma ngezimfundiso sokubuka ngeso elibanzi okungumsebenzi owenziwe ilabothisha. Uthi izimfundiso zokubuka kabanzi zibeka indlela yobumbano, ukuxoxisana, ukufundisana kanye notando. Uqhubekile wathi uthando aluzincikisi kodwa luyelapha, lukhulise futhi luhlanganise. McLaren uveze ukuthi izimfundiso zika Freire zithi nqaba ukugcina ngokucabanga kuphela ngoba njengamanje into ekhona okubambekayo.
McLaren uxoxa uthi isimo esinjengaleso sibonakala uma abantu sebeqala ukugcina ngokucabanga kuphela kubokala ezweni njenge- US. Uthi lesisimo sibonakala ngoba ontamo-lukhuni baphakamisa ukuthi kuchibiyelwe umthetho okuthiwa i- Academic Bill of Rights. Uthi lomthetho ohlongozwayo usongela imfundiso yokubheka kabanzi futhi isongele lonke ulwazi kanye nemfundo yonkana. Uthi lomthetho futhi uhlose ukuqapha futhi ulandele yonke iminyakazo yabafundi noma othisha futhi ilandele nezingcingo kanye nohlobo lwezincwadi ezifundwayo. Ngamafushane, lokhu kusho ukuthi impi isiphakiwe eqondene nesimo sokufunda esizovumela abafundi nothisha ukuthi bakwazi ukuzfundisana ngendlela ephusile yokubheka ngeso elibanzi.
McLaren uthi futhi imfundo ikude kabi nokungachemi, ngoba othisha bakhetha into abazoyifundisa hayi ukuthi umfundi ozikhethelayo akafuna ukufunda. Uqhubekile wathi othisha kufanele basuke emqondweni wokufaka insele kubafundi ngolwazi olungahluziwe ngoba ilapho ulwazi luqala khona lukhule. Lokhu kumenza abuzw imibuzo enje ngokuthi “Ini evumelekile futhi ini engavumelekanga?” Futhi lokhu kumkhumbuza umfundi owahlangana naye e- Puerto Rico ngo-1980s. Uthi umfundi wamthshela uthi “ Abantu Abanmnyama bayasizonda”. Uthi wayithanda indlela uthisha owayidingida ngayo loludaba okungumbono womfundi, njengoba wasekela futhi wamkhulisa ngendlela yokufunda ehambisana nesimo. McLaren uthe kudingeka singakhohlwa ukuthi sisemzabalazweni wokulwisana nokwabiwa knomnotho ngokungalingani futhi inkululeko imayelana nezindlela okhetha kuzo.
Uqhubeke wakhanyisa ukuthi maduzane ubese Venezuela, lapho ahlangane no Mongameli
Chavez lapho abadingide ngokusabalaliswa kwezimfundiso zokubhekla kabanzi. McLaren uphinde wathi izimfundiso zokubheka ngeso elibukhali zisifundisa ukufaka inselelo izimfundiso
zokudla ngayedwana futhi nokwakha amathuba olunye uhlelo lokuhwebelana kunobungxiwankulu. Uphinde washo futhi ukuthi iyagcizelela ukuthuthukwiswa kwamathuba
okuzimela kwizinto eziphathelene nokuphila komphakathi mumbe. Ukwengeza, izimfundiso zoshintsho oluphelele kuyisikhali sokuhlanganisa futhi kuwulwazi olubumba izinkulungwane zabantu ukuthi ziphokophele ndawonye. Uphinde wachaza olunye uhlobo lohwebo kunobunngxiwankulu ngeke lubonakale kwisimo laho abasebenzi besaphoqelekile ukudayisa amandla. Uqhubekile wathi lokho kungenzeka lapho abasebenzi bebusa izindlela zokwakha umnotho, hayi bedayisa amandla abo, futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzi kudingeka bawuketule umbuso wobungxiwankulu kuze bavule indlela yohwebo olusha. Uqhubile wathi
izimfundiso zokubheka kabanzi Bizama ukucacisa imibono futhi nolimi ezigabeni zomphakathi.
Uchaze ngokuvakasha kwakhe e Chiquaqua, Venezuela lapho wahlangana khona nomfundi webanga eliphansi wamtshela uyayithanda incwadi yakhe ngezimfundiso sokubheka kabanzi futhi uyifunda noyise. Uphinde wachaza ukuthi izimfundiso zika Freire zisitshela ukuthi uba ubhala kufanele kucace. Uthi uma imibhalo yakho ithandwa noma abafundi beyithanda, lokho kusho ukuthi umfundi uzophinda ayifunde incwadi yakho andise ulwazi.
McLaren uphinde wasabela ulwazi lwakhe no Freire mayelana nendlela yokufundisa abafundi.
Uthi uFreire waxhumana naye wambuza ukuthi uzifundisa kanjani izingane, noma uyabelana noma axoxisane nabafundi. Uthi ke Freire wamtshela ukuthi angalinge ashiye imacabango yakhe kodwa kumele andile indlela yokuxoxisana, ulimi, ukubheka ngeso elibukhali, futhi nangendlela ulwazi luqhubeka khona. Izimfundiso ngeso elibukhali zisifundisa ukuthi ukufundisa kufanele kuqhubeke esimweni lapho sihambisana khona. Uthi e-US izinhlangano zomphakathi sezithathe indlela yokubheka ngeso elibanzi futhi luyakhiswa khona. Freire uxoxa uthi awukho umthetho yokwakha ulimi olukhuluma kabanzi, nokuqonda ngokuthola ukujula kokuqonda mayelana nesimo esithile futhi ufana ezimnye izixazululo. McLaren ushilo ukuthi sikhona isidingo sokuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi zixhumane ezigabeni zomhlaba. Futhi washo wathi nomphakathi udingekile ukuthi ucwaninge imibhalo ka Freire njengoba isempini yobulingisa.
Ngakho ke, McLaren uthi izimfundiso zokubheka kabanzi kwamampofu zenza abampofu ukuthi baqonde indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga zabo futhi yakhe nendawo yokwabelana ngolwazi.Uquhubekile wathi wonke umuntu engakhetha ulimi uma edingida nge noma esebenzisa izimfundiso zokubheka kabanzi ekuxazululweni kwezinkinga kulowomphakathi.Uyasho futhi ukuthi lokhu okuphakanyisiwe e-Venezuela u-Chavez yokwandisa imfundiso zokubheka kabanzi iyenye indlela lapho iningi labantu libamba Icaza futhi kuwumzamo ongaphumelela noma ungaphumeleli. Lapho, esevala, McLaren ishilo ukuthi njengamanje, izinhlangano ezingahambisani nobungxiwa zisahlulekile ukuqhamuka nezinye
Izixazululo ezinkingeni ozikhungethe ezidalwa ubungxiwankulu namhlanje. Ephendula enye yemibuzo ebibuzwa abalaleli, uthe i- Wolpe Lecture ingabukeka njengokuthi enye yolwimi olungasetshenziswa, njengoba izikhungo zokufundela zinendlela ezitshela ulimi okumelwe lusetshenziswe uma kufundiswa izimfundiso zokubheka kabanzi.
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